![]() ![]() It is also found in evaporite minerals such as chlorapatite and sodalite.Ĭhloride has a major physiological significance, which includes regulation of osmotic pressure, electrolyte balance and acid-base homeostasis. Some chloride-containing minerals include halite (sodium chloride NaCl), sylvite (potassium chloride KCl), bischofite (MgCl 2∙6H 2O), carnallite (KCl∙MgCl 2∙6H 2O), and kainite (KCl∙MgSO 4∙3H 2O). Most chloride salts are soluble in water, thus, chloride-containing minerals are usually only found in abundance in dry climates or deep underground. Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean brine wells, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Israel. ![]() ![]() In nature, chloride is found primarily in seawater, which has a chloride ion concentration of 19400 mg/liter. Several neutral chlorine oxides are also known. Other oxyanions Ĭhlorine can assume oxidation states of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. The concentration of chloride in an assay can be determined using a chloridometer, which detects silver ions once all chloride in the assay has precipitated via this reaction.Ĭhlorided silver electrodes are commonly used in ex vivo electrophysiology. A solution containing chloride ions will produce a white silver chloride precipitate: Cl − + Ag + → AgCl The presence of halide ions like chloride can be detected using silver nitrate. Ionic chloride salts reaction with other salts to exchange anions. Chloride can be protonated by strong acids, such as sulfuric acid: In terms of its acid–base properties, chloride is a weak base as indicated by the negative value of the p K a of hydrochloric acid. Chlorine can be further oxidized to other oxides and oxyanions including hypochlorite (ClO −, the active ingredient in chlorine bleach), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2), chlorate ( ClO − The first oxidation, as employed in the chlor-alkali process, is conversion to chlorine gas. In aqueous solution, chloride is bound by the protic end of the water molecules.Ĭhloride can be oxidized but not reduced. In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases however, for some chloride salts, such as silver chloride, lead(II) chloride, and mercury(I) chloride, they are only slightly soluble in water. This is because the chloride anion has 1 more electron than the chlorine atom, reducing the hold of the nucleus on the valence shell. A chloride ion (diameter 167 pm) is much larger than a chlorine atom (diameter 99 pm). ![]()
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